Beloved Duncan Murdered Essay

The flow of blood stopped and History recorded a tragic death. King Duncan over the past ten years has proved to be the most trusted noble. He is a good and Godly man, friend to the poor and defender of the downtrodden, but unfortunately he is no more with the people of Scotland. On the grim evening of November 10th, the great King Duncan of Scotland was murdered in his chamber. According to the porter, King Duncan was paying a visit to the castle of his Thane, Lord Macbeth, during the time of his death. The porter further mentioned that Lord Macbeth had arranged a grand feast for the king and his sons during their visit to Macbeth’s castle in celebration of Macbeth’s new titles. After the feast, drunken guests resided to their correct chamber and no disturbances were recorded throughout the night until the following morning when the King was found lying dead in his bed with multiple stab wounds to the chest. The main suspects of this unexpected murder include the King’s two sons as well as his guards. The guards were found the next morning with the murder weapons, along with blood smeared all up and down their body. However, Duncan’s sons fled the scene and are also suspected for the murder of their father. In an interview with Lord Macbeth he stated, early in the morning, two noblemen, Macduff and Lennox were called to the castle to visit King Duncan, but when they entered their king’s chamber they exclaimed â€Å"o horror, horror, horror!† Macbeth also stated, â€Å"before the investigators could examine the scene, the chamberlains were killed as a punishment for committing this gruesome deed.† Macbeth was very upset throughout the duration of the interview. He expressed his distress and great loss by showing his love and affection for the King and said he will do everything in his power to find the killer and punish him. An interview with two Scottish nobleman was also held follow the murder of King Duncan. During his interview, Lennox commented on what a terrible  night it had been. He said the wind had blown chimneys down and described how it howled so terribly, but unfortunately refrained from further questioning about the murder to uphold the family’s wishes for privacy. Macduff however agreed to answer more questions. Macduff stated during his interview, â€Å"It is speculated that the king’s sons had bribed the guards to kill Duncan because the crown passes to the nearest eligible kin.† After hearing the news of their father’s murder, King Duncan’s son’s, Malcolm and Donalbain, fearing their lives, fled Scotland. It appears to the people of Scotland that the son’s hasty departure makes them prime suspects of the crime. King Duncan’s body was removed from Macbeth’s chamber in order for burial preparations. The King’s remains will be buried in the king’s burial grounds in Scotland. Once news of the murder was released to the public, the people of Scotland began mourning for their beloved king and immediately began focusing all efforts on uncovering who committed this foul deed. Unfortunately, this tragic murder remains unsolved. Investigations will continue until this mystery is solved. Townspeople are encouraged to come forward with any and all information that may lead to solving of this crime.

Alcohol Advertising to Youth Essay

Many people are unaware of the prevalence of underage drinking in the United States. Every day in the United States, more than 4,750 kids under age 16 have their first full drink of alcohol. More youth in the United States drink alcohol than smoke tobacco or marijuana, making it the drug most used by American young people. Youth who start drinking before the age of 15 are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependency or abuse in their lifetime than those who begin drinking at 21 years or later. All of these facts were published by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth. They have published many reports on the prevalence of drinking among underage youth. But why do underage youth start drinking alcohol in the first place? According to many studies, alcohol advertising is the main influencer of alcohol consumption among underage youth. Alcohol advertising influences the use of alcohol among youth and increases the likelihood that they will consume alcohol illegally. For example, a study published in 2006 found that for each additional alcohol ad a young person saw (above the monthly youth average of 23), he or she drank one percent more. Also, for every additional dollar spent on alcohol advertising in a local market, underage drinkers consumed three percent more alcohol (Surgeon General, 2007). Because young children are likely to be influenced by alcohol advertisements, there needs to be stricter regulations on the advertising industries ability to advertise alcohol to underage youth. According to the Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking (2007), â€Å"The short-and long-term consequences that arise from underage alcohol consumption are astonishing in their range and magnitude, affecting adolescents, the people around them, and society as a whole. † Therefore, there should be a stricter regulation on alcohol advertising to youth because of the strong influence it has on their behavior and their alcohol consumption patterns. Each year, the alcohol industry spends more than four billion dollars marketing its products (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). There have been multiple studies that have correlated underage youth exposure with a greater likelihood of drinking. It is imperative that the government or advertising industry reduces the impact of alcohol marketing on young people. Reducing underage drinking, like smoking, is an important public health goal (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). Public health departments in California, Massachusetts, and Florida have made crucial strides in reducing underage smoking rates in their states (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). They did this my sponsoring tobacco counter advertising campaigns. This indicates that this type of approach may be effective for reducing underage drinking as well (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). The problem with this for alcohol advertising is that there are already responsibility ads, but they are outnumbered by alcohol ads 226-1 (CAMY News Release, 2004). Alcohol product advertising has increased significantly in recent years, while responsibility ads have decreased. According to a new study from CAMY at Georgetown University, the number of responsibility ads dropped by 46 percent from 2001 levels, while the number of alcohol commercials increased by 39 percent. Industry spending on responsibility ads also fell—down 57 percent from 2001. This is unacceptable. According to CAMY Executive Director, Jim O’Hara, â€Å"This minimal amount of responsibility advertising does little to reinforce the message of parents and teachers who are trying to prevent underage drinking. Our children need to receive a more balanced message about alcohol. † According to the same study, for every dollar spent on responsibility ads in 2002, the industry spent $99 on product ads, where in 2001, the ratio was $1 to $35. Alcohol companies should be required to sponsor a certain amount of responsibility ads each year, that is relative to the number of alcohol product ads they place. This would help to increase the amount of responsibility ads underage youth is exposed to and thus, increasing the amount of reinforcement they receive to not drink underage and illegally. According to the CAMY study at Georgetown University in 2002, of 59 alcohol marketers advertising on television, only four places responsibility ads in 2002. Adolph Coors Co, Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc. , SABMiller PLC and Diageo PLC were the four parent companies whose brands placed responsibility ads in 2002. Anheuser-Busch placed the most ads, but they still spent 45 times more on product ads and placed 89 more product ads than responsibility ads (CAMY, 2002). Underage youth were 287 times more likely per capita to see a TV commercial promoting alcohol from 2001 to 2006 (Nielsen Media Research, 2006). Other studies have found that youth exposed to alcohol in movies and to alcohol in signage near schools as well as youth ownership of alcohol promotional items are all associated with a greater likelihood of underage drinking (The Surgeon General, 2007). Therefore, because of youth’s potential to be greatly influenced by alcohol advertisements, this high amount of exposure to alcohol advertisements increases the consumption of alcohol among underage youth. There is opposition to stricter regulations on alcohol advertising; some feel that these regulations will not have any effect on the consumption and use of alcohol among underage youth. According to Marcus Grant, the president and founder of the International Centre for Alcohol Policies said that in many Scandinavian countries where alcohol advertising was banned, the prevalence of alcohol abuse was still high. Also, according to the industry Association for Responsible Alcohol Use (ARA), no evidence exists to support the notion that beverage alcohol advertising has any significant effect on the rate of alcohol abuse. According to the ARA, Denmark has a ban on all broadcast advertising except on low alcohol-content products, as well as various restrictions on print and outdoor advertising. It has one of the highest reported rates of intoxication among young people. Therefore, they feel that increasing the amount of regulations of alcohol advertising, or the banning of alcohol advertising as a whole, will not result in a decline in the rate of alcohol consumption among underage youth. While alcohol marketers have made reforms in their marketing practices, these revisions fall short (Mosher & Cohen 2012). In 2006, The STOP Act was passed, requiring that the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services report annually on rates of exposure of youth to positive and negative messages about alcohol in the mass media. Advertisers are aware of the media usage of youth and current alcohol regulations do not do enough to protect underage youth from viewing alcohol advertisements. According to CAMY reports on Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads, the advertising industry has reduced youth exposure to its advertising in magazines and cut its spending on radio. However, youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television grew by 30 percent between 2001 and 2006 (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). Because youth, ages 12 to 20, are only 13. 3 percent of the national TV viewing audience, the current threshold of not placing ads where underage youth are more than 30 percent of the audience allows alcohol advertising on programs where there are more than twice as many youth as the viewing population (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). It is obvious that current regulations do not do enough to support the goals of Congress, and of the Surgeon General, to decrease alcohol advertising exposure and alcohol consumption among underage youth. Therefore, stricter regulations need to be put into place to restrict the advertising industry from placing alcohol advertisements within youth-consumed media. CAMY issued a report of eight methods for states to limit and reduce youth exposure to alcohol advertisements. According to CAMY, only 11 states implement more than one â€Å"best practice† policy, a total of 22 states implement no policies at all. It is important for these states to implement all of eight of the methods to ensure that underage youth are not exposed to these ads and the consequences of seeing these ads (Swift, 2011). According to a study conducted by Leslie B. Snyder, Ph. D. , of the University of Connecticut, Storrs, and colleagues, a random sample of young people between the ages of 15 to 26 years old were interviewed. The researchers reported these results: (1) For each additional alcohol advertisement viewed per month, the number of drinks consumed increased by one percent (2) The same percentage increase, one percent per alcohol advertisement per month, applied to underage drinkers (those younger than age 21) as well as legal aged drinkers (3) Youth in markets with high alcohol advertising expenditures ($10 or more per person per month) also increase their drinking more over time, reaching a peak of 50 drinks per month by age 25 and, (4) Young people drank three percent more per month for each additional dollar spent per capita in their market (Buddy T., 2006). This research shows that advertising expenditure had a direct influence on the amount of alcohol consumed by underage and legal aged drinkers. According to Snyder, â€Å"The results also contradict the claims that advertising is unrelated to youth drinking amounts†¦ Alcohol advertising was a contributing factor to youth drinking quantities over time,† (Buddy T. , 2006). The facts cannot be denied; alcohol advertising is effective. The bottom line is, the more advertising young people see, the more they drink (Buddy T. , 2012). CAMY has found that many parents are beginning to become concerned about the overexposure to alcohol advertisements that their children see. Two-thirds of parents believe more ads mean more youth drinking and 75 percent of parents agree that the alcohol industry should do more to limit youth advertising (Buddy T. , 2012). It is unacceptable that nothing more has been done to prevent this while there have been multiple studies done on the correlation between alcohol advertising and underage drinking, and they all have concluded the same results: Exposure to alcohol advertising increase the likelihood for underage drinking and increased alcohol consumption. Alcohol advertisements need to be regulated across all media forms: online, television, magazine and print, radio, etc. Young people should not be exposed to alcohol advertisements, especially within the media channels that they use most. Television alcohol ads should not be allowed to be on shows with certain percentage of underage viewers, the same goes for magazine and radio advertisements. While it will be hard to regulate this, more can be done to make sure the message of preventing underage drinking is reinforced through responsibility ads. If stricter regulations on alcohol advertisements cannot be put into place, then the amount of responsibility ads countering the alcohol ads needs to be dramatically increased. Underage youth need to constantly be reinforced with the message of not underage drinking as well as the warnings of drinking such as drunk driving. In conclusion, more needs to be done to reduce the amount of youth exposure to alcohol product advertisements and to prevent underage drinking. It is the responsibility of the government and of alcohol marketers to make sure they are protecting youth, not corrupting them at a young age. Youth exposure to alcohol advertisements increase the amount of alcohol consumed by underage drinkers and current regulations are simply not doing enough to prevent this. References â€Å"Alcohol Ads Outnumber Responsibility Ads 226-1. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 2002. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. CAMY. org, Apr. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Mosher, James F. , JD Cohen, and Elena N. Cohen. â€Å"State Laws to Reduce the Impact of Alcohol Marketing on Youth. † Camy. org. Alcohol Policy Consultations, 1 May 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Prevalence of Underage Drinking. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. N. p. , July 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"State Report Update 2012. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. N. p. , 1 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Swift, James. â€Å"States Not Reducing Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads. † Youthtoday. org. YouthToday. org, 4 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. T. , Buddy. â€Å"Alcohol Advertising Increases Youth Drinking. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 19 Jan. 2006. Web. 11 Dec. 2012 T. , Buddy. â€Å"Teen Drinking Influenced by Alcohol Advertising. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 19 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. T. , Buddy. â€Å"Underage Drinking Troubles Parents. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 27 Dec. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2007.

Debates on Media Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Debates on Media Effects - Essay Example With reference to a specific case study, mostly on the use of videogames and its impact on children’s behaviour, an assessment on media effect and influence will be carried out by this essay. Body of the paper The media have various effects on society. In the past 60 years or so, a significant amount of research has been undertaken in order to assess the relationship between the media and the audience in terms of the latter’s behaviour. Much hysteria and concern have been seen among the general population throughout the years have been exhibited based on something they may have watched on television or film (Buckingham, 2003). In 1938, a radio adaptation by Orson Welles of H.G Wells’ science fiction book ‘War of the Worlds’ certainly caused hysteria among the people who believed they were actually being invaded by Martians (Gunter & Harrison, 2013). In the 1950s, American caricatures and comic books have also brought life to violence (Buckingham, 200 3). Psychologists have expressed concerns on the addictive impact of TV on passive children; however, other experts have also noted better cognitive development for children exposed to television (Andison, 1977). The effect of the media is therefore difficult to estimate because it is a resource which has to be understood within the context of the larger society. In other words, it is important to expand â€Å"the media effects tradition to include consideration of normative expectations, institutional performance, constraints and conventions of the media...† (Campbell & Ling, 2009, p. 592). Leading into the 1930s, the media impact has been acknowledged as significant. A so-called hypodermic effect was claimed; however such claim was not founded on scientific processes, but mostly on speculative perceptions (Buckingham, 2003). Researchers further assessed the impact of film on viewers and reached the conclusion that these films prompted children to behave in delinquent manner s; however, the data gathering process in the surveys covered the laboratory process of investigating, with subjects taken out of the social context and evaluated as individuals (Cumberbatch, 1989). In the post-World War II period, a significant shift was seen in the study by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, & Gaudet (1944) establishing that Americans voting in an election utilised the radio as well as newspapers to make their decisions on candidates to vote for. In effect, the media helped reinforce their opinions and decisions. After various studies were carried out assessing media effects, newer approaches were carried out by Blumler and Katz (1974) through their study entitled, The Uses of Mass Communication in 1974. Their study expressed that viewers often have specific needs while watching television (Blumler & Katz, 1974). Sociologists have also discovered that audiences are active viewers, they analyse what they watch and break down the media through conventions, often assessing them i n terms of their social context (Morley, 1995). Still, even with the studies made on the effects, it is still difficult to determine the impact of numerous media text. Viewers of War of the Worlds were actually already very much affected and anxious about the threat of war in most parts of the world (Sherry, 2004). Moreover, the copycat killings following the release of the film Natural Born Killers in 1994 were actually carried out by

Analysing specific financial issues in Cable & Wireless Communications Essay

Analysing specific financial issues in Cable & Wireless Communications plc - Essay Example that are going to be included in the paper are: the stock market, company background, financial performance and investor values, gearing impact on investment, and the final summary section. The financial performance of the company will be evaluated over the last five years. The stock market is the most popular form of investment in the world. The largest and most liquid stock market in the United Kingdom is the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Once a firm is listed in the London Stock Exchange it becomes a public company. Investors can achieve investments in public companies by buying their common stock. Purchasing a common stock implies that the investor gain ownership in the company. To purchase common stocks a person must buy the stocks from a stockbroker. Due to advances in technology people today can purchase stocks using the services of online brokerage firms such as Scottrade. Scottrade charges its customers $7 per trade (Scottrade, 2014). The values of stocks sold in the stock market vary each minute while the market is open. Investing in the stock market can help a person gain wealth, but people must be aware that investing in common stocks is a high risk proposition. In order to lower the risk of investing in the stock market an investor must uti lize a diversification strategy. Diversification can be defined as spreading a portfolio over many investments to avoid excessive exposure to any one source of risk (Bodie, Kane, Marcus, 2002). The safest investment in common stocks that an investor can make is buying blue chip stocks. Blue chip stocks can be defined as a stock of a large, well-established and financially sound company that has operate for many years and whose market capitalization is in the billions of pounds (Investopedia, 2014). From the perspective of corporations the stock market serves the purpose of being a mechanism to raise money. Companies that become public enter the market through an initial public offering (IPO). Companies that already

Indicators to Be Employed By Grant Donor Assignment - 1

Indicators to Be Employed By Grant Donor - Assignment Example Indicators of customer satisfaction include fast sale, increase in demand and receive new orders. Every business project is profit oriented and returns on capital employed stand as the main goal. That is why I consider that Finance perspective should focus on the cost control to ensure that in the long run income is more than the input. In a business process, the steps of what to do are provided to ensure that the end goal of profit making is achieved. It works with a target of minimizing cost so as to maximize returns. The ways of cost minimizing are wage cutting, reduction of advertising cost and reduction of employees. This is the level of deployment of the best practices an organization has defined for its Project Management process (Galliers & Leidner 2003). A lot of collaborative tools have to be designed in order to reach the recommended standard of Capability Maturity Model Integrated, a best practice framework for businesses dedicated to product development (Galliers & Leidner 2003). This part work with a clear set framework that covers areas like objectives, measures, target, and initiative. This gives everyone in the system a guide on what to do and the target goal is always indicated. For this case of study, I can bring out the best framework of a balanced scorecard as below. A balanced scorecard is used to evaluate the performance and future improvements of an organization. "Scorecard" signifies quantified performance measures in the process, financial performance, internal process, customers and learning, and growth. Balanced is an indicator showing if the system is balanced between short-term objectives and long-term objectives, financial measures and non-financial measures lagging indicators and leading indicators and internal performance and external performance perspectives (Goodpasture 2010).

Understanding the Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Understanding the Concepts - Essay Example These include the profit ratios like the Gross Profit & Net Profit Margins, Earnings per share, and Return on Assets, the liquidity ratio like the Current Ratio, and Quick Ratio, the activity ratios like the Average Collection Period, and the Inventory Turnover Ratio, and leverage ratios like the Debt Ratio, and Equity Ratio (Vickers, 2005, p.117). However, in larger corporations, besides the above mentioned ratios, certain other ratios like Accounts Receivable Turnover, Fixed Asset Turnover, Total Asset Turnover, Price-to-earnings Ratio, and Price-to-book value, to name among others (Lee, Lee & Lee, 2009, p.33). These ratios provide with further detailed analysis of a company which a small business might not require unless it is grown big. The above study has reflected on the fact that financial ratios are highly significant for every organization. However, depending on the size of the organization, the need for the different financial ratios to be determined might

Work on Bax's article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Work on Bax's article - Essay Example Bax also noticed the inconsistencies in the analysis of Warschauer as he does not give precise dates and a comprehensive list of his sources and this is actually true as Warschauer does his analysis with no clear-cut objective. Bax’s analysis is more useful as it gives a more accurate account on not only the history of CALL, but also gives us a fundamental understanding of it. Bax helps us to understand the reasons that some events took place in the history of CALL and gives us a glimpse into what could likely take place in the future with regards to Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Warshauer’s analysis show significant discrepancy in several publications and this is another factor that makes his analysis unreliable. Bax noted that Warschauer’s Structural CALL was formerly called Behaviouristic CALL (Bax 2003, p.15). The discrepancies in the dates of Warschauer’s analysis are also something that invalidates his work. Thus, Bax's analysis seem to be more useful than that of Warschauer as it corrects the anomalies noticed in the work of Warschauer and provides a more authentic account on Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Bax’s analysis seem to be less confusing than that of Warchauer as it gives a solid and chronological account of the CALL software and this is another reason that the analysis of Bax is useful than that of Warcshauer.

Directional style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Directional style - Essay Example This turned away, for example, neorealism of the 40, where the world was shown as it was, without manipulation. In many films of Alfred Hitchcock we may notice something in common, which makes these movies together, making them look alike, to distinguish from the films of other directors and, thus, allow us to speak about the auteurs style of Hitchcock. Hitchcock Style manifested in the fact that in his motion pictures are often repeated certain plot motifs, method of presentation the audience, the technique of shooting, type of actors and so on. Some films of Hitchcock (especially early ones) are out of the general track - so they can be called unusual, in style, in contrast to the typical, "real" films of Hitchcock. From his first film Hitchcock had already demonstrated the ability to transfer all the details of the plot with the help of purely cinematic techniques. For example, in the film "The Tenant" is a scene in which the hostess points out that her new lodger nervously walks to his room on the second floor and it is suspicious. Hitchcock shoots the landlady, gazing somewhere upstairs. Then he shows us hanging on the ceiling chandelier, swinging from side to side. Then he inserts a frame in which the ceiling is made of glass and through it can be seen the pacing from one side to the tenant. With this ingenious receiving the viewer sees that is a heroine of the

Eng 105 unheard HW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eng 105 unheard HW - Essay Example Though it seems bad, the colored folk are being accepted though it a journey I know. LYON: [uncomfortable at the direction the talk is taking] It’s my music, finally started to show progress. Some producer saw me on stage at my regular club say I got talent. Next thing you know am off making something for myself. Fences is a play that focuses deeply on relationships that are strained by personal decisions and by the times they are in. the discrimination of the colored community is clearly highlighted as a theme in the play and it is portrayed as having a major role in the lives of the characters. Troy, the main character in the play, makes many mistakes in his lifetime and has learnt to live with the old ones he made as a youth. In so doing, he is able to create a family, which is relatively happy and gets a stable job. These and the friendship he has with his workmates give him something to be thankful about. The event that occurs towards the closing of the climax of the play exposes the stained relationship existing between the members of his family. Rose and Lyon have such a relationship, which is made even more difficult by introduction of Raynell in the family. Lyon and Cory are okay with each other, but there is a barrier between them where Lyon expresses a form of crippled thinking and his younger brother is more focused and sharp. In this particular instance, Lyon expresses his regard for his father when he refers his brother to their father in respect to finding a job. In this manner, he indirectly accepts that he is the one at odds with his father because he had refused an offer for a job by him. Lyon is the main focus of the act and he is exposed as having been involved with an incident he is ashamed of. He lies to his family on the source of the money he reinstates to his father knowing that if he disclosed the truth, he would be rejected. This instance goes further to show that the stereotypic

Place of Business I would like to work upon graduation Essay Example for Free

Place of Business I would like to work upon graduation Essay The contemporary state of affairs in relation to the crisis facing the pharmacy and hospital in general is both compelling and confounding. The decisions based on the recruitment hiring, retention and staffing makes the crisis very compelling as they are usually given the first priority for a majority of managers in the pharmacy departments in hospitals. Similarly the problem is confounding as a majority of the pharmacy departments appear to be facing a worsening situation for these crises and there is no tangible solution and at times the least elusive and frustrating for the people involved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many hospitals have increased salaries for their pharmacists to be in line with the market demand, but the problem gets more complex when the managers find out that the profit drug stores chains have double or at least increased their salaries and wages for the qualified pharmacists at a faster rate than theirs. The profession has tried to create an increasing demand for its expertise; but apparently the limited number of pharmacists characterizing the low staffing in the hospitals seems to be undermining these efforts. The safety initiatives on the part of medication have enhanced the demand for the pharmacists. (Diane A, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most glaring statements that are normally made by most medical staff is that they need pharmacists doing the rounds like physicians, nurses in order to monitor and at the same time improve medication quality in the hospitals. Often, the question asked by most people is why the lack of pharmacists if patients, nurses, physicians are already present. If all these medical staff are able to be present everyday and doing the rounds why then can’t pharmacists also be there every day. By restructuring what the pharmacists and hospitals do and how they do them then the response to the patient health care can it be greatly possible to achieve this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The curriculum provided for by the all pharm D has effectively reduce the supply of pharmacists in the recent past in spite of the increased number of new colleges offering pharmacy as a course. Thus the agony facing most hospital managers has been that of who will be around during the night shifts like other medical practitioners and at other odd times other than the weekdays. For a majority of pharmacy departments, technology which has seen the advent of automation has contributed very little to alleviate these problems. Most of the hospitals including those with the state- of- the art physician order entry systems have equally been faced with the situation of having to look for pharmacists to enter the orders of medication in the pharmacy records. Even though there have been attempts to address this issue with some technicians assuming the role of pharmacist and other duties that they do perform; the demand for pharmacists has by far outdone the place with which the technicians do get assimilated in to the system. In addition, the rate as well as the number with which new drugs are being approved by FDA, together with the complexity of application of the said drugs, has compounded the problems facing the institutions and the practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are not so many pharmacists who can effectively command a great sense of knowledge on the entire inventory of drugs found in this institution’s formularies. The effect brought about by this is that of pharmacists having the desire and ready to specialize which complicates the problem of recruitment of qualified personnel even further. Ideally these are the issues that Norfow hospital and many other hospital institutions have to grapple with. (Frederick J. 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasing number in new colleges of pharmacy will not solve the staffing problem in the short term. What this step is brand to offer little or no solution in the short term. The solution that is offered by such a measure is only in the long- term at some intermediate point and as such has to be factored within context of financial constraints. With this various questions like, can the existing colleges find the appropriate faculty as well as clinical rotations so as to expand class sizes in a significant proportion. Is it possible for organized pharmacy to have a union that is able to speak in one voice when faced with the issue of different constituencies that are within the profession having various needs as well as incentives. The glaring dichotomy that exists between the health care system and chair during store pharmacy practice has often made it very difficult to offer training to pharmacists to become generalists in the profession with the ability to successfully practice in these two direct working environment. Thus when the shift plus is shifted to other profession to offer guidance or direction might not be much of a better solution. (Frederick J. 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most pharmacists often wonder whether the shrinking gap that exists between the wages and salaries of physicians and pharmacists makes the prospect of pursuing pharmacy practice. The pharmacy department may face staffing problems where acute shortages of staff may affect the way prescriptions are handled .Staff in the pharmacy department are needed to handle the screening, packaging , keying in and dispensing to patients. Patients tend to take longer periods of time waiting to be served due to the low or inadequate staffing levels. Staff shortages create room for other complex problems like inefficient record management which could lead to inadequate drug supply control. At times drugs could run out of stock causing inconveniences to patients. Appropriate measures like adequate staffing management would ensure effective record management and replenishment or reorder levels could be done to ensure that drugs do not run completely out of stock. This will be a step forward to ensure patient satisfaction levels are higher. This would translate to more trust on the pharmacy department as well as on the entire hospital at large. Less staffing would make pharmacists to be overworked as they would be extremely busy. This would see them fatigued. Staffing problems in hospitals occurs in the technical department. Limited numbers of qualified pharmacists may be due to lesser people pursuing pharmacy. Again others claim that the remuneration in hospitals is poor and hence shy off venturing into it. Retaining the staff already working is a difficult task but it is very critical and pharmacy managers should be keen to consider it. (http://www.careerpharm.com/employer/resources/Parker.pdf)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     High turnover rates in pharmacy could be attributed to increased workload as well as stress associated with pharmacy. Hospitals ought to recruit more staff both technicians and support staff to reduce the workload pharmacists have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Turns over rates are influenced by the working environment, training, stress and skill mix. Managers should ensure that the working environment is conducive for the pharmacists as well as their support staff. Roles should be clearly defined so that each staff understands their duties and responsibilities. Conflicting roles would work to demoralize the employees who may seek other opportunities. Clearly defined duties work to enhance the efficiency of any organization and pharmacy managers should ensure role clarity and well defined responsibilities. Effective training works to increase employees and consequently their retention will be attained .The pharmacy department should be well structured and it should allow for progression of pharmacists by effective training. The hospital should allow for professional growth if its goals are to be achieved. This is because employees seek to stick to jobs that offer them professional growth. Training could be done through research opportunities and through conference attendance where people learn of new experiences from experts. Encouraging continued professional development for instance by offering loans to those interested in furthering their studies would work as an incentive to work. It would increase motivation of the staff members and consequently their retention. Provision of an effective or appropriate technical and administrative support would reduce the work load that pharmacists have. Managers ought to be very cautious to hire multi skilled technicians who can multitask thus saving time for the pharmacists. (Cooke M and Pharm M, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Utilizing locum pharmacists is also an appropriate measure in solving the workload problem. Locum pharmacists who are mostly from abroad can be utilized. They offer appropriate services as they have the appropriate training. Quality of work done is therefore not jeopardized. The hospital can utilize part time workers who can be sought during when need arises for instance when absenteeism occurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Efficiency can be improved and workload deceased if positive changes are incorporated. Effective labeling of drugs would save time taken searching for them. To retain the staff in pharmacy one can use the joint approach method whereby hospitals can embrace staff working in other areas for instance in the community or with the general practitioner GP. Care should however be taken to ensure that the timing does not clash and that they still retain their roles. Their hiring should not staff adversely affect the links between the hospital and the outside community. Pharmacy managers should ensure that the system allows staff to move upwards as long as they acquire the appropriate skill. As long as they acquire the appropriate skills pharmacists should rise up the social ladder and their salaries should increase with time. Encouraging staff members to advance their skill acquisition would work to benefit both the staff and the hospital at large. Pharmacists and other support staff should not be paid below what the market dictates as that would act as a disincentive for them to work. It would only lead to increased job turn over rates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Inadequate staffing means that the prescription levels are high and patient have to delay before being served. Adopting appropriate technology and re-engineering the administrative procedures would work to increase effectiveness and efficiency in pharmacies. (http://www.careerpharm.com/employer/resources/Parker.pdf)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Pharmacy educators have a role to play in ensuring that the declining numbers of enrollments are stopped. People opt for other careers due to the workload and decreased job satisfaction perceived to be associated with pharmacy. Increased educational time period to acquire pharmacy licensing has also decreased the number of enrollments in pharmacy. It discourages potential pharmacists who opt for other careers which can be pursued at shorter durations or periods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Staff shortages precipitate temporary cutbacks in the operational hours of pharmacies. Better technology would result to automation which can reduce the workload on the existing staff thus reducing their turnover. Attractive packages like good salaries and other benefits like offering a company car would work to attract new staff. New and improved workflow enhancements can make the processing of prescription very efficient. Use of administrative software s like TechRX and Script Pro can help in increasing the efficiency in pharmacies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Additional training on technicians would equip them with appropriate skills to handle questions from patients, administering claims as well as checking for errors. Introduction of more education, training and competency exams would work to increase the quality and quantity of work produced by technicians. The move to encourage pharmacy students by offering financial aid to students and schools of pharmacy also works to increase the number of qualified staff in pharmacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retaining good pharmacists will entail recruiting the appropriate person, offering satisfactory work, creating an empowered environment that focuses on development excellence as well as being involved in professional organization. Hiring pharmacists should be after effective consideration whether a hospital is willing and capable to invest in training a recent graduate or is looking for one with a wealth of experience. Satisfactory work optimizes the workers satisfaction levels and consequently their motivation and retention. Developmental excellence is about ensuring sustainable and continuous quality improvement through training. (Brannick J. and Harris J, 1999).   Internal pathway to for growth entails enrollment of pharmacists to degree programs as well as technician enrollment in pharmacy schools. Encouraging staff members to be active in professional organizations where they can gain collective benefits acts as an incentive for them. Pharmacy staff can be encouraged to participate in pharmacy school activities where they can act as mentors to the student. Such a move may increase the pharmacists’ retention as it could increase their job satisfaction levels. (Cooke M and Pharm M, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retired pharmacists can return to their jobs to cover for the junior staff who seeks advancement in pharmacy practice. Hospitals ought to be willing to accommodate such staff. Both parties would benefit from such an arrangement. The hospital would gain from the experience and skills as the retired staff gets a chance to earn extra income without the pressure of working on full time basis. Since such staffs are very experienced they can be consulted for advice by the inexperienced staff. Again they help in reducing the workload that is brought about by reduced staff and increased patients seeking to be served. With staff shortages hospital pharmacies are unable to handle or meet the demands posed by patients. The staff shortages are caused by some staff seeking jobs in other places offering better packages, those on maternity leave or those opting for locum which is not as demanding as full time pharmacy practice. This is worsened by reduced numbers of pharmacy graduates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Placing the staff in positions that they are most appropriate based on their experience; interests as well as their training would ensure that staff retention is realized as they are motivated. Incentives like occasional paid for trips, movie tickets or dinners can work as incentives for employees and would work to increase their motivation. Good communication is very vital as the staff members can effectively air their views or grievances and the hospital management can respond effectively. The overall effect of this would be increased satisfaction levels and the staff turnover would be minimal. (Cooke M and Pharm M, 2000). References: Cooke M and Pharm M. 2000. What pharmacy managers can do to retain staff. Hospital Pharmacist. Vol 7. No 1 p2. James Frederick. 2002. Staff shortage acute and still growing. Pharmacist Shortage, pharmacies, statistics Drug Store News. Patrick E. Parker, M.S.P.2002. Recruiting and Retaining Staff: A Midsize Hospital Experience. Retrieved on 28th November 2007 from: http://www.careerpharm.com/employer/resources/Parker.pdf Arthur Diane. 2001. The employee recruitment and retention handbook. Amacom Books. Brannick J. and Harris J. 1999. Finding and Keeping Great Employees. Amacom Forrest

The Alcohol Advertising And Adolescent Drinking Media Essay

The Alcohol Advertising And Adolescent Drinking Media Essay Alcohol is the most popular recreational drug in America, so beer and liquor companies advertise on various television channels. Recent research has discovered cable television shows with a significant proportion of teenage viewers are also those that have the most commercials for alcohol. There are many explanations why adolescents are influenced in to drink alcohol and there is reason to believe television advertisements have a large role. As alcohol advertisers turn towards cable television the exposure to younger viewers will escalate. The amount of money spent on alcohol advertising on cable television increased by 137% from 2001 to 2006. The extra money spent attributed to an increase of the number of alcohol commercials by 176% (Chung, Garfield, Elliott 2010). With over double the amount of new advertisements many alcohol companies started to compete against each other for the best commercials. For instance, Miller lite aired a commercial about a group of friends at a bar who all agree their one friend is unmanly for ordering a Bud lite. Competitive advertising of alcohol has resulted in new branding techniques that are effective across all viewers including the adolescent audience (Jones Jernigan, 2010). Assessing the influence of alcohol advertising on peoples drinking habits is a challenging task. Alcohol is an adult product, yet most underage consumers are already aware of its existence. This unavoidably limits the potential effects that alcohol advertising could have on increasing overall consumption. Due to the existing popularity of this product, advertisers focus on creating an appealing brand rather than increasing the total market. While new consumers are not advertisers target, the power of alcohol advertising campaigns to shape consumption habits cannot be neglected. Criticism has been directed toward alcohol advertising, particularly regarding the use of image (lifestyle) advertising, and its potential influence on adolescent alcohol consumption. This research study sought to determine if adolescents who drink, or intend to drink alcohol at some future time, find image advertisements for alcohol more appealing than product advertisements. 40 college students, ages 18 to 20, volunteered to fill out the survey. This study is focused on attitudes and beliefs towards alcohol brands and advertising rather than on consumption behavior. Attitudes and beliefs about alcohol advertisements are not irrelevant to understanding how advertising might influence consumption. Evidence of an association between preference for image advertisements and intent to drink in the future has been found in previous studies and experiments. When considering whether advertising has an impact upon young peoples alcohol intake, it is important to recognize that drinking alcohol can be influenced by a range of psychological, social and environmental factors. Parents, siblings, and groups of friends can have a significant influence. They can provide behavioral role models and establish a positive attitude towards drinking. Although this research survey is concerned with the effects of advertising of alcoholic beverages on adolescents alcohol consumption, it is beneficial to understand the other factors associated with the onset of alcohol related behavior. Surveys of teenagers and young adults have determined that alcohol consumption is often significantly related to peer-group influences. A particularly powerful predictor of their drinking behavior is whether their friends drink alcohol. Research has indicated that adolescents may be especially inclined to consume alcohol if their best friend also does. It was also found that if a teenagers best friend drank they were more likely to label themselves as a drinker (Wilks, Callan Austin, 1989). In a televised commercial for 1800 tequila an actor posed the question, What ever happened to best buddies? He goes on to demean people who have hundreds of virtual friends online then finished the commercial with the statement, A buddy is somebody who you share your 1800 tequila with. Parental influences can have important effects on teenager alcohol consumption as well. Most of the time parental rules about drinking come into conflict with peer-group norms. These rules may exert a powerful influence over teenagers expressed intentions to drink alcohol in the future, possibly weakening those intentions. However, such effects may be limited to young people who have so far not felt any social pressures to drink from their peer group. Teenagers with friends who drink may be more likely to reject family restrictions on alcohol consumption especially if they had their own involvements that lead to positive experiences about alcohol. An important note to keep in mind is further evidence has indicated that drinking onset is not a simple matter of copycat behavior. Dissimilar young people make different assessments of relevant group activities and beliefs linked to drinking (Thomsen Rekve, 2006). According to the World Health Organization, alcohol advertising can produce positive perceptions of drinking in all people and as an outcome young people may be more susceptible to possessing pro-drinking attitudes. The World Health Organization has two reasons to believe why advertising can cause this. The first of these is that exposure to alcohol advertising over time can lead young people to perceive drinking as a normal behavior and, as a result, an activity in which they wish to participate. The second reason is that alcohol advertising may reach children and encourage alcohol consumption well before they are legally old enough to purchase the product. In a survey with children, the majority answered that they believed alcohol advertising can cause alcohol consumption. This discovery along with evidence that mere awareness of alcohol advertisements could be linked to positive beliefs about alcohol, which is in turn related with future intent to drink. In this context, there is no surprise that liking of alcohol advertisements has also emerged as a significant factor in understanding potential effects (Babor, 2003). In 1984 an experiment was led by Kohn and Smart who showed a recording of Super Bowl 1982 to 125 male college students. Three versions of the program were produced that included zero, four or nine beer advertisements. Refreshments were available and among the drinks, participants could choose from soft drinks or beer. One half of the students were given immediate access to beer while the second half had to wait 30 minutes before given beverages. When beer was available it was consumed and the delay in beer resulted in compensatory behavior in the second group who had the largest amount of consumption. This experiment found that when alcohol advertising occurred there was a temporary upward in beer consumption. Even in conditions where consumption was decreasing, a first time appearance of beer advertisement could temporarily boost consumption again (Kohn Smart, 1984). Kohn and Smart conducted a similar experiment with college women except the independent variable was switched with w ine. This experiment proved women consumed more wine when they saw four or more wine advertisements compared to none. These results indicate that television alcohol advertising is capable of triggering a short term effect on alcohol consumption. Such studies may demonstrate the ability of advertisements to shape a preference for one type of drink over another, but they do not indicate anything about the role advertising might play in the genesis of alcohol consumption in individuals (Kohn Smart, 1984). Alcohol advertising is often associated with sports and athletic activities. For example Coors beer had a campaign that honored multiple athletes including the Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback John Elway. Advertisements that feature athlete images tend to perpetuate both the brands and consumers denial of potential consequences of drinking. Along with athletic imagery, critics view other lifestyle imagery as inappropriate. Some alcohol advertisements give the consumer an unrealistic view of what the products do, how they make the consumer feel, and how they fit in with an individuals lifestyle. For instance alcohol may be portrayed in a commercial as a reward at the end of a work day. In advertisements drinking is often viewed as a complement to a celebration of life. Certain television advertisements present alcohol as having the ability to make an individual attractive to the opposite sex or a romance booster. For example, Bud Lite Lime had a commercial on Ultimate Flight Club 132 featuring a young attractive women lying across hundreds of limes. She was not dressed and the limes were used to censor her private parts. She also had a tattoo on her rear end of a Bud Lite Lime logo. Even though she was not holding a beer, this television commercial led the viewers to associate sex and attractive women with Bud Lite Lime. Some critics agree alcohol commercials are associated with sexual imagery more than any other products (Fox, Krugman, Fletcher, Fisher 1998). I conducted an original research survey involving students, ages 18 through 20, from Temple University located in Philadelphia. The questions pertained to the students memory of alcohol advertisements they were exposed to while watching their normal television shows. The goal was to determine how many underage students were exposed to alcohol advertising through the television medium. The survey also sought to determine what kind of advertising appeal techniques they noticed and how they felt about the advertisements. These seven multiple choice questions were asked to 40 college students: How many hours a day, on average, do you watch TV? a. Never; b. less than one hour; c. 1-2 hours; d. 2-3 hours; e. More than 3 hours What are your favorite types of television programs? (Circle all that apply) a. Reality TV; b. Music related/music video; c. Game shows; d. Talk shows; e. Sitcoms/comedies; g. Drama; h. Nature; i. Sports; j. News. Do you ever see alcohol advertisements while watching TV? a. Yes; b. No. What do you remember about any of these TV ads you saw? (Circle all that apply) a. An animal or cartoon like character; b. The people drinking look attractive or sexy; c. A great party was happening; d. The actors who were drinking were physically attracted to each other; e. The people drinking looked like they had strength and athletic ability; f. The people in the advertisements looked popular or part of the in-crowd; g. The ads were funny or amusing; h. The ads portrayed drinking as a great way to meet people; i. the ads discussed contests and prizes; j. I remember the alcohol brand. Did anyone in any of the TV ads look like they could be under 21 years old? a. Yes; b. No. As a whole, did the TV ads you see make you think any of the following? (Circle all that apply) a. Drinking was a boring thing to do; b. Drinking was a good way to get guys or girls; c. Drinking was important for a real good party; d. Drinking will make you popular; e. drinking was fun or funny; f. drinking could be harmful to your health; g. It is better for people to drink responsibly; h. It is better for people to wait until they are 21 to drink; i. The advertisements had no effect at all on what I thought or felt. The role of alcohol advertising appeal was investigated in further longitudinal research that followed though 18-year olds until the age of 21 years old. The study had 630 participants and examined the effect of televised alcohol advertising and allegiance to specific brands of beer. The results found that earlier liking of televised alcohol advertisements and accompanying brand allegiance were associated with greater volume of beer consumption later on. Many self-reports of aggressive behavior from the participants were associated with drinking. Almost all of these individuals expressing aggressive behavior were documented with liking alcohol advertisements when the experiment began (Casswell Zhang, 1998). Although many critics recognize that college students decisions to drink often come from peer pressure, the images presented in advertising positively reinforce such decisions. Alcohol is the most popular recreational drug in America, so beer and liquor companies advertise on various television channels. Recent research has discovered cable television shows with a significant proportion of teenage viewers are also those that have the most commercials for alcohol. These advertisers are reaching the wrong demographic and are certainly affecting the younger audiences. (The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth) Should alcohol advertising be modified to limit exposure to underage viewers? There are many explanations why adolescents are influenced in to drink alcohol and there is reason to believe television advertisements have a large role. As alcohol advertisers turn towards cable television the exposure to younger viewers will escalate. The amount of money spent on alcohol advertising on cable television increased by 137% from 2001 to 2006. The extra money spent attributed to an increase of the number of alcohol commercials by 176%. (Schuster) With over double the amount of new advertisements many alcohol companies started to compete against each other for the best commercials. For instance, Miller lite aired a commercial about a group of friends at a bar who all agree their one friend is unmanly for ordering a Bud lite. Competitive advertising of alcohol has resulted in new branding techniques that are effective across all audiences including the adolescent audience. (Jones) The use of iconic characters, humor, and sexual innuendo are some methods used in alcoholic commercials that evidently attract younger viewers. For example, Keith Stone is portrayed as an influential character who acts smooth because he always has a 30 pack of Keystone. The Most Interesting Man in the World is another iconic character that many underage viewers can relate to the product Dos Equis. Young people can also be drawn to the music used in these commercials and associate the songs with the alcoholic product. It is true that no matter what anybody does, teenagers will never stop viewing TV. It is also true that alcohol companies have to support their business somehow. Just like any other company, advertisements are important to get a product out there and known. However, it is possible to do it in a way where they do not have to make drinking look so appealing to younger kids. Companies could easily not use sex appeal or partying in their ads and still get their product out and known to everyone.

Alienation and Moral Dilemma as Portrayed by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

Alienation and Moral Dilemma as Portrayed by Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorn was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804 during Puritan times. He created many stories that reflect his life experiences growing up as a Puritan. He writes stories that end with a moral that was learned through the struggles of the characters. These characters are almost always faced with a dilemma where they must choose what is right versus what is wrong. Another common theme in his writing is alienation. These concepts can be found in the stories â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† and â€Å"The Birth Mark.† They are all about a life altering decision one must face and the consequences of that decision. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the dilemma faced by the main character is about the strength of his faith in God and the trust he losses for his wife and community. In â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† a minister is struggling with his own sins and his fear of them being revealed to his congregation. Finally, in â€Å"The Birth Mark,† the main character becomes obsessed with a slight physical flaw on wife’s face; an obsession that ultimately leads to the destruction the thing he cherished most dearly. The story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† is about a man named Goodman Brown who must leave his wife Faith to go on a fateful journey – a journey whose reason is left to speculation. He must go into the local forest, refuse the temptations of the devil, and return to the village before sunrise. He embarks on this journey and returns a changed man for the evils he encountered made him lose his faith in the community around him. The decision or struggle that Brown is faced with in the story is between the evil temptations that lurk in the fore... ...l E., â€Å"The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown,’† www.itech.fgcu.edu, http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/Hawthorne.htm Mota, Joshua, â€Å"The Minister's Black Veil,† www.ri.net, http://www.ri.net/schools/Pawtucket/Tolman/ODonnell/MOTAWEB/veil.html Reuban, Paul P, â€Å"PAL: Perspectives in American Literature: A Research and Reference Guide† An Ongoing Online Project, www.csustan.edu, http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.html Sharpe, Lynda, â€Å"The Birth-mark by Nathaniel Hawthorne,† www.vcu.edu, http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng491/bm-base.htm Shoemaker ,Jacqueline, â€Å"Hawthorne's Realm of Morality: Biographical Contexts for ‘Young Goodman Brown,’† www.itech.fgcu.edu, http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/Hawthorne.htm http://ipl.org/ http://www.wwnorton.com

Celtic vs. Rangers: Catholicism vs. Protestantism :: Essays Papers

Celtic vs. Rangers: Catholicism vs. Protestantism Most European cities can boast of a professional football (soccer) club and a competitive rivalry with a neighboring team. However, Glasgow, Scotland is the home of one of the oldest and most heated rivalries in the world. Two of the most prestigious football clubs in Europe, Celtic and Rangers, both call Glasgow their home. The cross-town rivals first met on the pitch on February 28, 1888. At that point, "none of the 2,000 spectators at the game could have guessed that they were present at a historic occasion, for that evening marked the first of what was to become the most famous, long-lasting – and bitter – sporting rivalry in the history of football" (Murray 4). Almost a hundred years after the inaugural match, the conflict between fans came to fruition when Celtic and Rangers met in the 1980 Scottish Cup Final. Immediately following an entertaining and relatively problem free match, built up tension exploded into violent riots before anyone had even le! ft the stad ium. Celtic supporters, excited after the victory, rushed the field to celebrate with their beloved players. Angered by the loss and the expression of joy shown by their nemesis, Rangers fans also rushed the field. However, †¦There was no question of celebration in the minds of the fans who invaded from the West end of the ground. They had violence in mind and no sooner was it offered than it was returned with enthusiasm. The brutal and disgusting scenes which followed as bottles flew and drunken supporters charged and counter-charged from one end of the field to that other, brought disgrace upon the two clubs concerned, upon Scottish football generally, and were an affront to Scotland as a nation (Murray 196). The riots after the 1980 Scottish Cup Final acted as a springboard for the conflict between Celtic and Rangers. Before that game, the extent of the tension between the two groups had gone unrealized. However, the truth behind the violence on the field that day continues to plague the rivalry today. Despite the age-old on field rivalry, the tension between Celtic and Ranger supporters runs much deeper than what takes place on the soccer field. The conflict between the fans has erupted into violence on many occasions, with games between the two clubs ending in some of the worst riots and greatest tragedies in sporting history. Despite the tension created through competition, the origin of hatred between clubs and fans is not just the result of bad tackles and endless taunting.

The Poetry of Emily Dickinson :: Emily Dickinson Essays

There are several important and interesting authors in the American Literature history to talk about in this paper. However, Emily Elizabeth Dickinson is one of the most fascinating authors that generates admiration by reading her life and poems. Even tough her poems were not completed and written on scraps of paper, she is considered one of the great geniuses of nineteenth-century American poetry. The main reason of this reputation is based on the fact that her poems are innovative. Her poetry is different because she uses different literacy aspects from her contemporary writers. Aspects such as her family, friends, social issues, love, death, education and, in general, her personality had a tremendous impact in her writing. Eventually, these aspects were visualized when her poetry was published, and editors took it upon themselves to group them into categories of Friends, Nature, Love and Death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in the quiet community of Amherst, Massachusetts. Emily Dickinson was raised in a quiet, reserved family. Her father was a very authoritative person and her mother was not emotionally accessible. Her parent’s personality was probably the main reason of Emily’s eccentricity. Emily was raised in the Christian tradition, and she was expected to take up their father’s religious beliefs and values without argument. However, later, her poems illustrate how Emily challenges these conventional religious points of view of her father and the church, and how this new perspective contributes in the way and strength of her poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowing that her family was well known in the area for its educational and political activity and before Emily started writing poetry, it is important to emphasize that Emily was a proper educated individual. She attended the Amherst Academy. After her time at the Academy, Emily left for the South Hadley Female Seminary but severe homesickness led her to return home after one year. This was basically the beginning of Dickinson’s life of solitude. This solitude could lead her to focus on her world and to start writing her first conventional style poems. Some years later, she started building her particular style in which she introduces different literacy characteristics to her poems making her a unique writer. Dickinson’s works have had considerable influence on contemporary and modern poetry. She used certain characteristics that made her style unique. Sporadic capitalization, dashes, unconventional metaphors, off-rhymes and broken meter are some of the most frequent aspects Dickinson used.

Black Pedagogy

Black pedagogy, or poisonous pedagogy, is a type of child rearing or methodical upbringing process intended to instill a sense of social superego within the child, and implement a defense against their psyche. Many theorists describe the behaviors and communications associated with the concept to be very violent and manipulative. The parents intentions focus primarily around honing obedience and preparing children for a dominant adult culture.The story of â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† ties in heavily with black pedagogy. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, a majority of children's literature existed as a way of â€Å"civilizing children according to stringent codes of class behavior. † The girls mother deliberately leads her into a pedagogical situation in which she cant get out, and ultimately subjects her to dangerous experiences and eventual death.The girl is a quintessential example of the ideal child of black pedagogy, with her devout obedience and determination to carry out the mothers orders. The mothers only requirements serve grave importance as she tells her to stay on the path and not to ruin the food for her grandmother, which hints at the importance of primacy of family, and unquestioned filial loyal. The links between black pedagogy as described in Zornado's article and Erika and Thomas Mann's book titled School for Barbarians are highly evident.While black pedagogy associated with the eighteenth and early nineteenth century centers more around parental supervisions, this process in School for Barbarians focuses on the loyalty and appreciation of the fascist dictatorship under Hitler's rule, and the transformations it had on the Nazi Germany educational system. Hitlers hopes were to create a violently active, and dominating brutal youth beginning a a very young age.The schooling systems, with their obnoxious children's stories and exaggerated world news filled the students with a false sense of education that allowed Hitler to heavily manipulate the youth. â€Å"Heil Hitler! † was said anywhere from 50 to 150 times a day, and it accompanied anything from a greeting to prayer closings. The students were heavily devoted to their loyalty of this enormous governmental change because they simply knew of no other alternative.

Developments In Cold Environments Sustainable Essay

To what extent are more recent developments in cold environments sustainable ? Fishing can disrupt food chains. For example krill fishing in the southern ocean is depleting food supplies for whales and penguins. Overfishing of a species can severely deplete its population, sometimes beyond recovery. Overfishing of the patagonian toothfish in the Antarctic is currently a concern. Bottom trawling catches fish by dragging nets along the sea-bed. This disrupts the eco system by reducing light levels thought increasing turbidity and catches other species as well as the target one. Its carried out in the gull of Alaska, the greenland sea and the barents sea. Fishing quotes have been introduced to limit the number of fish caught and prevent overexploitation of the resource. Large cruise ships increase pollution in the areas from the ships and from the tourist. Tourists and tourism developments disrupt wildlife and damage habitats leading to reduced biodiversity. National parks have been set up to allow tourism whilst protecting the environment e.g. denali national park in Alaska was set up in 1917 and then expanded in 1980 to induce a greater area of land. Cars and private vehicles are banned from the park so visitor’s have to travel in park buses on approved routes. The most vulnerable parts of the park don’t have any roads at all. So the ground is protected from the damaging effects of vehicles. Oil spills can occur during transport of oil from the area. For example in 1989 there was a huge oil spill off the coast of Alaska when the exxon valdez oil tanker crashed. Over 40 million litres of oil spilled into the ocean and over 250 000 birds and fish were killed. Oil spills can occur if the pipelines leak between 1977 and 1994 there were on average 30 to 40 spills a year from the trans-alaska pipeline. Some of these were caused by intentional attacks and forest fires. Oil pipes have automatic shut off valves in order to minimis e oil spills if the pipelines are damaged.

CIPP Diploma in Payroll Management-Work Based Essay

It was concluded that the flexible enefits choices project will benefit from the collaboration between the researcher, the company and the supervisor. The nature of the researcher’s role within the Company will ensure that access to, and the collection of information is within the capacity of the researcher. Aims The aim of this project is to evaluate the existing choices within the workplace and from the findings of the evaluation will conclude whether to keep existing choices or Introduce new choices to the companys flexible benefit scheme. bjectives The objective of this project is to review the existing benefit choices In time for the ext enrolment process for Flexible Benefit and to determine whether the choices are still meeting the personal needs of the employees. A questionnaire will be sent to all employees and based on the answers a focus group will be set up. The questionnaire and focus group feedback wlll provide the data necessary to amend or keep the choices avai lable. The project and the eventual recommendations will be feasible and do have a chance of being implemented. The issue of choices within the flexible benefit scheme is an organisational issue and are reviewed annually in readiness for pen enrolment process. However, the review has not been on the same in-depth scale that this project is proposing. The researcher In collaboration with the HR Manager will have the necessary resources to complete the project. Questionnaires will be devised and given to the employees. Email addresses are available to the researcher and the research Itself is a task that needs to be implemented. The researcher’s current position in the Company will help with the confidential aspect of a research as well as galnlng the trust of the participants Involved. The Gantt chart hows the ideal planning schedule. The renewal process for making flexible benefit choices occur in December, for the January admissions. The researcher proposes that the questionnaires and Focus group are held after the current enrolment process. The researcher also proposes that the write up and analysis occur Immediately after. This will enable the researcher to address any Issues that arises. Content The Company a financial organisation and is a moderately sized company consisting of two hundred and thirty staff on the payroll. The Company can be separated into wo groups 0T employees; DroKers ana non DroKers (aamlnlstratlon/l I ) I ne company HR and payroll is administered by a team of three consisting of the Payroll Administrator, HR Manager and the HR Administrator. Rationale The research for this project will investigate employees’ views on the existing flexible benefit choices. When the scheme was in the initial research stage, the feedbacks from the focus groups were positive and indicated that the most appreciated benefits within flex were; Holiday buy/sell Dental insurance Pension enhancement Medical insurance After two years into the scheme, the most popular flex choice is the Private medical insurance, with only 20% of employees opting for this. This research will try to investigate whether the current flex choices are meeting the personal needs of the employees. Can new choices maximise Income Tax and National Insurance efficiency for both the Company and individual employees? Last year, the change of benefit choices was put forward to the employees via an email questionnaire. However, the responses were very low and so no changes were made. This project ill provide an opportunity for an in-depth questioning of the employees with results that may determine the choices for the next renewal process. Reading The secondary research will include books and articles that are relevant to the project issue. The following Journals have shown key information in regards to flexible benefits; Bradford, S. , 2010. Flexible Benefits.

Nursing Care Study Essay

The aim of this nursing care study is to demonstrate that, as a student nurse, the writer is capable of developing and delivering the skills needed for assessing and addressing each individual patient’s care needs. Included in these set of skills, is the ability to develop critical thinking, decisive decision making and the ability to reflect on events so as to become a better health care provider. The patient in which the writer will discuss was based upon an eighty three year old man, pseudonym Mr. Scott who was admitted into accident and emergency via a referral from his general practitioner presenting with exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with a history of congestive cardiac failure (CCF). On admission to accident and emergency Mr. Scotts’ team took arterial blood gases, ordered a pulmonary function tests and a chest X-ray. Prior to the exacerbation of Mr. Scotts’ condition he regularly attended a cardiac clinic due to being a long term sufferer of congestive cardiac failure and also attended pulmonary function clinic for tests (pulmonary function tests). Through these clinics Mr. Scott was educated on his medications and current condition. On admission of Mr. Scott, the writer decided to use the frameworks Roper Logan and Tierney (2000); Orem’s Self Care Framework (1995) and Gibbs (1988); which incorporates each tool of assessment known as, plan, implementation, evaluation, educate and reflection. Using the above frameworks, an improvement of Mr. Scotts’ current exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was seen to have been resolved and a new evaluation of Mr. Scotts’ care was developed. The chosen tool of reflection used is known as the Gibbs cycle of reflection. The writer applied this tool in order to evaluate the patient care. The rationale behind this was to attempt to fully understand reflection so as to apply this to everyday practice, thus improving as a student nurse. The Gibbs cycle involves a description of the incident, feelings and thoughts experienced plus the evaluation and analysis of the incident, conclusions and action plan (Gibbs, 1988). According to Barnett (2005) using a tool of reflection, to give an account of experiences in the clinical setting can aid the nurse to analyse and explore their feelings regarding patient care. Main body Eighty three year old Mr. Scott was admitted to accident and emergency with a referral from his general practitioner, presenting with a recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and a history of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive cardiac disease. Due to his history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Mr. Scott was sent for a chest x ray to assess the deterioration of his lungs due to his condition. (Alexander et al. 2009) Post admission into accident and emergency, Mr. Scott was sent to St. Pat, Thomas, Johns’ ward where the writer was working at the time as a student nurse. The writer found, when assessing Mr. Scott, that he lived alone, locally, was a widower of ten years and had two daughters who also lived near by. Although Mr. Scott had many concerns, he also had a good social network such as the support of family and a home help package of six hours a week, which included meals on wheels. The local public health nurse also called to see Mr Scott on a social capacity. Presently the main health concerns which faced both Mr. Scott and his family were; the deterioration of his dyspnoea, related to his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; pressure ulcers, due to developing pressure ulcers while in hospital in previous years and anxiety from both Mr. Scott and his family due to the unknown. Reassurance was given and they were explained what care he was to receive. Issue # 1 Breathing. The key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Barnett, 2009) is that of experiencing breathlessness. Being breathless for most patients can be both a stressful and frightening experience, which can raise anxiety levels. In past studies, men predominantly more than women were found to be affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); but in a recent study carried out by Meilan et al. (2007); research has found that cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are increasing in women world wide. The care Mr. Scott received was split in two, short term and long term care; both of which were constantly re-evaluated to maximise efficiency and quality of care. As part of the short term care plan the writer ensured that the bedside was set up with suctioning equipment help prepared for potential complications. To avoid complications, for example tachypnoea (rapid breathing) which is found to be an early indication of respiratory distress (Jevon and Evens 2001); the golden rule of thumb, depth and rate of breathing was monitored and recorded accurately (Jevon, 2010). Further reducing the risk of complications occurring, Mr. Scott was encouraged to sit up in a semi fowler position while enduring deep breathing exercises enabling him to breathe with greater ease and comfort. The rationale behind this was supported by a study carried out by Duggan et al. (2005). The long term goal was to ensure that an oxygen saturation level between 88%-94% is maintained (Alexander et al 2009). To monitor oxygen saturations levels, a pulse oximeter was place on Mr. Scott’s finger. The rationale for this is to detect oxygen absorption of haemoglobin (Plaice &Graham, 2000). A study carried out by Groeben (2003) shows that administering high concentrations of oxygen to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will reduce the respiratory drive, resulting in respiratory depression. This finding gives rationale to why a low flow of oxygen therapy is given to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Humidification was added to Mr. Scotts’ oxygen therapy to warm and moisten the gas (Jevon and Ewens 2001) promoting secretions while enhancing patient comfort (Woodrow 2005).The rationale for this is that oxygen is known to dehydrate exposed membranes in the upper respiratory tract. Issue #2 Pressure ulcers. According to Lawrence et al (2010), every individual’s skin changes with time, this is a normal process of ageing. With this change comes a decrease in its elasticity and turgor, therefore with age one has to ensure that vital care of skin is given in an attempt to avoid skin breakdown. Due to Mr. Scott being an elderly man of eighty three, the writer was concerned about skin integrity. A tool known as the water low score was used in order to assess the likelihood of Mr. Scott developing any pressure ulcers during his stay in the hospital (Whiteing 2009). As Mr. Scott had developed pressure ulcers in a past experience, he would have an increased chance of a re-occurrence. In an attempt to prevent this situation the writer requested that Mr.Scott be nursed on an air mattress. (Stafford and Brower 2009). Issue #3 safety and delerium Anxiety is an emotional state influenced by past experience, which exists at a given point in time with a level of intensity related to an upcoming perceived threat (Passer and Smith 2007) The provision of information is extremely important to the patient as studies from, Biswajit et al. (2009) has shown that an informed patient with a good understanding of their condition reduces anxiety. Harvey (2002), recommend shared control in patient-practitioner interactions in that patients effectively participate in controlling important events. After liaising with Mr Scott’s’ medical team regarding his anxiety, a low dose of Alprazolam brand name Xanax 5mg, was charted and given in an attempt to relieve his anxiety. Alprazolam reduces anxiety within patients (De Witte, et al 2002). Medical care administered On admission to the ward Mr. Scotts’ medical team ordered pulmonary function tests. These tests determine what type and extent of restriction the patient is experiencing (Alexander et al 2009); furthermore indicating any increase/decrease in their condition (Daly 2009). Arterial blood gasses were checked in order to determine the amount of O2 to be administered reducing the risk of hypoxia. The rationale for taking arterial blood gases was to determine the bloods Ph and the O2 levels circulating within the blood. (Alexander et al 2009). A sputum sample was also attained from Mr Scott and sent to the lab for culture and sensitivity testing to trace which bacteria is present in the sputum so as to treat the infection (Gray et al 2008). Through reflection the writer recalled that oedema may be present in the lower extremities secondary to Mr. Scotts history of congestive cardiac failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and recorded the findings. The rationale for this was that, Mr. Scott suffered with congestive cardiac failure which increased the risk of developing oedema while in juxtaposition, putting increased pressure on functioning internal organs (Morley et al. 2009). During the writers assessment of Mr. Scott it appeared that he was suffering from a sudden onset of dyspnoea, (laboured breathing). Using critical thinking, the writer administered oxygen therapy at maximum of twenty four percent and immediately informed Mr. Scotts’ team on his condition. The rationale behind administering low dose O2 is due to the fact that the hypoxic drive can be decreased by administering a large dose of O2 leading to respiratory failure and the worsening condition of the patient, (Simmons et al. 2004). Using the Gibbs reflection cycle, the writer believes students should be under constant supervision in order to attain the knowledge of administering O2 to patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The medical team looking after Mr. Scott prescribed an antibiotic called Tazocin (4.5grams three times a day) to be given intravenously. The rationale for administering this antibiotic was to attempt to fight any infection that the patient may have developed. Also prescribed for Mr. Scott was a steroid and bronchodilator. The rationale for charting a steroid and bronchodilator was that, they are found to decrease inflammation in the air way and also to open up the airway (Greenstein et al 2009). Due to Mr. Scotts’ condition he was a long term user of oral Corticosteroids. Studies (Walters et al. 2008) have shown that, corticosteroids reduce the need for additional medical therapy while, also shorting hospital stay. On previous reflection (Gibbs 1988) as a student nurse, the writers’ knowledge developed due to reflection from previous patient care. The writer knew that due to Mr. Scott being on steroids, his blood sugar levels needed to be checked once a day as to ensure it stayed within the normal range. The rationale behind monitoring Mr. Scott’s’ blood sugar once a day was due to the side effects that are directly related to the administration of corticosteroids. Such side effects are as mouth ulcers, weight gain and increased skin thinning (mayoclinic.com). The writer encouraged Mr. Scott to rinse his mouth out with water post administration of oral steroids to reduce the development of oral ulcers or a candida infection of the mouth, (Greenstein et al 2009). The Roper, Logan, Tierney (RLT) 2000 nursing framework aided the writer in focusing upon the care study. This model encompasses key factors such as social status, environmental factors as well as the physical/ psychological factors which influence people in their daily lives (Roper et al 1991; 2003, Newton 1991). This model is designed to be adaptable to any patient and not for the patient to adapt towards the model of nursing; therefore it allows the nurse to care for each patient on an individual level (Roper et al 2000). Nursing can therefore be defined through this model in terms of helping people to prevent, alleviate, solve or cope with problems (actual or potential) when relating to the activities of daily living, (Roper et al. 1990). Conclusion Although the Roper Logan and Tierney’s’ model of nursing covers a holistic view, a model known as the Orem’s Self Care Framework according to Fawcett (1995) concentrates on the individuals’ self maintenance and regulation through a type of action known as self-care. This model could be seen as beneficial to Mr.Scott as a patient whom has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a main part in maintaining good health is a good understanding/ communication, knowledge and education of how to care for ones’ self (Eva et al. 2009). The aim of this piece of work was to assemble while using tools of assessment an individual care plan. This was to be drawn up together with the patient and the writer so the system of care would be of an individual status. The writer also aimed to demonstrate that with critical thinking and decisive decision making the patient involved received intervention when needed. As the writer worked on the ward mentioned a strong therapeutic relationship had been built between patient and student nurse, this allowed the patient to feel at ease when asking questions regarding his condition enabling the writer to educate the patient at a higher understanding. Upon Mr. Scott’s discharge he expressed a better understanding of his knowledge about his condition, he also felt that if or when he experienced another exacerbation he would not feel as anxious and be better able to cope with it. Hearing this as a student nurse the writer felt that it had enhanced professional development for further nursing practice. Reference List: Alexander, M.,Fawcett, J., Runciman, P.2009. Disorders of the Respiratory System IN: Edmond, C., Mc Clean, I., Mc Clean, J., Wilson, L.(eds.) Nursing Practice Hospital and Home. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Livingstone. Alexander, M.,Fawcett, J., Runciman, P.2009.Nursing Practice Hospital and Home. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Livingstone. Barnett, M. 2005.Caring for a patient with COPD: a reflective account. Nursing Standard.[online].19, (36),pp41-46. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com.remote.library.dcu.ie/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer. [Accessed 06 march2010]. Biswajit, C., Mohammed, I., Salaiman, M., Davies, L., Calverley, P., Warburton, C., Angus, R. 2009. A Study of patient Attitudes in the United kingdom Toward Ventilatory Support in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Journal of palliative Medicine. 12 (11), pp1029-1035. Daly,ML. 2009. Stopping A COPD Flare-up: quick action reduces a patient on the verge of respiratory failure. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 40 (8), p40. Duggan, M. Kavanagh, B. (2005). . Pulmonary atelectasis: A pathogenic perioperative entity.. Anesthesiology. 102 (4), 838-854. Fawcett, J. 1995. Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company. Gibbs G. (1988) Learning by Doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit. Oxford Polytechnic. Oxford. Gray, RD., MacGregor, G., Noble, D., Imrie, M., Dewar, M., Boyd, AC., Innes, JA., Porteous, DJ., Greening, Ap. 2008. Sputum Proteomics in Inflammatory and Suppurative Respiratory Disease. journal of Respiratory and Critical care medicine. 178 (5) pp444-452. Greenstein, B., Dinah, G., Trounce, J. 2009. Trounce’s Clinical Pharmacology for Nurses.8th ed. Toronto: Churchill Livingstone. Groeben, H., Meier, S., Tankersley, G., Mitzner., Brown, H. 2003. Heritable differences in respiratory drive and breathing pattern in mice during anaesthesia and emergence. Journal of Anaesthesia. 91 (4),pp541-545. Harvey, N. 2002. Effective Communication. Dublin. Gill and Macmillan. Jevon, P. & Ewens, B. (2002). Monitonng the Critically III Patient. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 150-170. Jevon, P. 2010. How to Ensure Patient Observations Lead to Effective Management of Altered Consciousness. Nursing Times. 106 (6), pp16-22. Jevon, P. Ewens, B.. (2001). Assessment of a breathless patient. Nursing Standards. 15 (16), 48-53. Lawrence, H., Plawecki, J., Amrhein, D., Zortman, T. 2010. Under Pressure Nursing Liability and Skin Breakdown in Older Patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 36 (2), pp23-25. march 2010]. Mayo Clinic.com. (Homepage). [Online]. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/steroids/HQ01431. [Accessed 26 March 2010]. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com.remote.library.dcu.ie/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001288/frame.html. [Accessed 18 February 2010]. MeiLan, K., Postma, D., Mannino, D., Giardino, N., Buist, S., Curtis, J., Martinez, F. 2007. Gender and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. [online]. 176. pp1179-1184. Newton, C. (1991). The Roper, Logan, Tierney Model in Action.. Macmillan: Basing Stoke. 112-130. Passer, M., Smith, R. 2007. Psychology the science of the mind and behaviour.3rd ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Pendleton, D. Schofield, T. Tate P. Havelock P. (1984). ) The Consultation: .An Approach to Teaching and Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 213-34. Plaice, J. & Graham, P (2004) Nursing care of a patient with Cystic Fibrosis. Journal of School of Nursing. 20 (1) 6-7. Rennard, S. 1999. Inflammation and Repair Processes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American journal of Respiratory and Critical care medicine. 160 (5), pp 12-16. Roper, N., Logan. W, & Tierney, A (2000). The Elements of Nursing; a model of living.. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 201-22. Roper, N., Logan. W, & Tierney, A.. (1990). The Element of Nursing . 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Livingstone. 230-60. Simmons, P., Simmons, M. 2004. Informed Nursing Practice: The Administration of Oxygen to Patients with COPD. Medsurg Nursing.13(2) pp82-86. Smeltzar, S., Bare, B., Hinkle, J., Cheever,K.2008.Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing.11th ed. New York.Lippincott. Stafford, AB., Brower, J. 2009. Effectiveness of Static Air Mattress Overlay and Static Air Seat Cushion For The Prevention Of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of Wound Ostomy & continence care. 36(2),Pp 50-53. The cochrane collaboration. 2009. Surgical Decompression for Cerebral Odema in Acute Ischaemic Stroke. The cochrane library. Walters, J., Gibson, P., Wood-Baker, R., Hannay, M., Walters, E. 2008. Systemic Corticosteroids for Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. [Online]. Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com.remote.library.dcu.ie/cochrane/clsysrev

Discussion Board 2-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 2-2 - Assignment Example According to the four stage response cycle of Masters and Johnson, women are usually ready for re-arousal at the resolution phase and may need continuation of sexual intercourse. Men on the hand tend to face difficulty in attaining sexual re-arousal after resolution phase (Rathus, Nevid & Fitchner-Rathus, 2014). This disparity may leave some women feel sexual dissatisfaction from their male partners. Having such understanding can help counselors to advice men facing criticism from their female sexual partners for not satisfying sexual needs of the latter. With the understanding, counselor can educate criticized men to practice holding their ejaculation by temporarily stopping sexual intercourse to allow their mates time to attain orgasm. When attaining plateau phase as contained in the four stage response cycle of Masters and Johnson, vagina of women depict preparedness to receive penis by contracting to cause erogenous feeling on penis (Rathus, Nevid & Fitchner-Rathus, 2014). The vagina also becomes wet to signalize lubrication of the pathway for entrance of penis. When at the plateau phase, men on the other side tend to produce seminal fluids that appear at the tip of penis. In addition, the coral ridge around the penis also expands in circumference. Understanding such concepts can help counselors train couples about proper timing as to when to begin intercourse to drive maximum

History 3a Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History 3a - Essay Example Lastly, another difference between the two revolutions was that American Revolution was against United Kingdom while French revolution focused its attention on French government that was led by King Louis XVI and other different coalitions (Office of Historian, 2012). One of the major similarities of the revolutions is that both revolutions aimed at overthrowing the legitimate monarchs that were governing the countries. In addition, both revolutions were bloody and a lot of people lost their lives during the revolution. Also both revolutions were agitated by people’s suffering that emanated by poor governance from the previous regimes. Therefore, both revolutions were political and social. Both revolutions gained support from each other. France supported Americans through sending troops and intellectuals such as Marquis De Lafayette while Americans sent Thomas Pain to assist in French revolution (Office of Historian, 2012). One of the aspects that gave strength to the slave was the African culture and their identity. As a result, masters ensured that they brainwashed the culture of the slaves through giving them new names and banning any form of cultural activities. Some of the cultural activities that slaves used to come together included African music and Saturday night dances which happened in the woods. In addition, the masters prevented the slaves from gathering an aspect that reduced their bond and strength to resist. Some of the ways that slaves used to resist included breaking of their masters equipments, stealing the masters provisions and use of lies in order to evade hard work. Masters set up stiff penalties to ensure that they curb these methods of resisting (Office of Historian, 2012). Another method that the masters used to prevent slaves from resisting is giving them a lot of workload. This ensured that slaves were always busy an aspect that reduced their free time which could

Financial Markets and Institutions, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Financial Markets and Institutions, - Essay Example The function of the US financial market is to insert the household savings into the circular flow in the form of investment, so as to enhance the income level of the country (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2012). Apple Inc. was instituted in the year 1977 and is headquartered in California, United States of America. Apple Inc. is a constituent of the S&P 500 Index and it trades under the symbol AAPL. The earnings per share of Apple for the year 2012 were $44.64, while it was only $28.05 in 2011. This increase in EPS was due to the 61% rise in the net income of Apple in the year 2012 as compared to that of 2011. The graph below illustrates the evaluation of the five year total shareholder return of Apple as against the S&P 500 Composite Index, the Dow Jones U.S. Technology Index and the S&P Computer Hardware Index (Apple Inc, 2012). In the figure, it has been assumed that in September 2007, $100 was invested in each of the index including Apple (Apple Inc, 2012). It can be observed from the graph that the total shareholder returns of Apple Inc. had been consistently higher that of the other Indexes considered. Vodafone is a global telecommunication company, operating in above 30 nations across the world and with more than 404 million customers (Vodafone, 2012). It has been extremely cash generative during the historical period and has incessantly returned its market capitalization to its shareholders through dividend payments and share buybacks. The following figure represents the share price movements of Vodafone from April 2011 to May 2012, against that of the FTSE: It can be observed that Vodafone had performed relatively better than the FTSE stock in terms of share price movements. Additionally, the company had been continuously giving out dividends to its shareholders since the last four years. France Telecom-Orange is one of the major telecommunication companies in the